• Aliases: ER, ESR, Estrogen Receptor
  
  
• OMIM ID Number 133430
  
  
• Link to GeneCards ESR1
  
  
• (Estrogen Receptor). Presence of estrogen receptor is prognostically important in breast cancer.

Cell Location

	Cytoplasm Provided the tyrosine residue at position 537 is NOT phosphorylated. - Arnold SF. Vorojeikina DP. Notides AC. J Biol Chem 270: 30205-30212 (1995)  [RAB]
	Nucleus Provided the tyrosine residue at position 537 is phosphorylated. - Arnold SF. Vorojeikina DP. Notides AC. J Biol Chem 270: 30205-30212 (1995)  [RAB]

Clinical

	Elevated levels correlate with poor prognosis In male breast cancer. - Bruce DM. Heys SD. Payne S. Miller ID. Eremin O. Eur J Surg Oncol 22: 42-46 (1996)  [RAB]
	Marker of poor prognosis in male BC BC = breast cancer. This fact is in contrast to what is reported for female BC. - Bruce DM. Heys SD. Payne S. Miller ID. Eremin O. Eur J Surg Oncol 22: 42-46 (1996)  [RAB]

DNA Structure

Enhancer ER-EH0 between -3778 & -3744 Involved in differential ER expression. - Tang Z. Treilleux I. Brown M. Mol Cell Biol 17: 1274-1280 (1997)  [RAB]

Function

Upregulates bcl-2 mRNA levels By increasing bcl-2 levels (a negative regulator of apoptosis), estrogen promotes chemotherapeutic drug resistance in MCF-7 cells. - Teixeira C. Reed JC. Pratt MA. Cancer Res 55: 3902-3907 (1995)  [RAB]

Gene Frequency (Tumors)

64% in male breast cancer Study of 30 cases in North-East Scotland. - Bruce DM. Heys SD. Payne S. Miller ID. Eremin O. Eur J Surg Oncol 22: 42-46 (1996)  [RAB]

Identification

Prognostically important - Klijn JG. Berns PM. Bontenbal M. Foekens JA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 698: 85-101 (1993)  [DLS]

Protein Binding

AIB1 AIB1 = protein encoded by Amplified in Breast Cancer-1 gene. - Anzick SL. Kononen J. Walker RL. Azorsa DO. Tanner MM. Guan XY. Sauter G. Kallioniemi OP. Trent JM. Meltzer PS. Science 277: 965-968 (1997)  [RAB]

Protein Structure

	A non-hormone binding form in tumors Large amounts of a 67 kDa estrogen receptor that does not bind hormone are present in malignant human mammary tumors. - Castoria G. Migliaccio A. Bilancio A. Pagano M. Abbondanza C. Auricchio F. Int J Cancer 65: 574-583 (1996)  [RAB]
	DNA-binding requires a phospho. tyr 537 Phospho = phosphorylated. Tyr = tyrosine. - Arnold SF. Vorojeikina DP. Notides AC. J Biol Chem 270: 30205-30212 (1995)  [RAB]
	Tyrosine 537= basal phosphorylation site - Arnold SF. Obourn JD. Jaffe H. Notides AC. Mol Endocrinol 9: 24-33 (1995)  [RAB]

Regulation

	gp30 inhibits binding to ERE ERE = estrogen response element. gp30, a putative erbB-2 ligand, inhibits the binding of ER to its response element. - Saceda M. Grunt TW. Colomer R. Lippman ME. Lupu R. Martin MB. Endocrinology 137: 4322-4330 (1996)  [RAB]
	Down-regulated by gp30 gp30, a putative erbB-2 ligand, downregulates ER gene transcription. - Saceda M. Grunt TW. Colomer R. Lippman ME. Lupu R. Martin MB. Endocrinology 137: 4322-4330 (1996)  [RAB]
	Transcriptionally inactive in HRG-transfected cancer cells HRG = heregulin-beta 2. Breast cancer MCF-7 cells. - Tang CK. Perez C. Grunt T. Waibel C. Cho C. Lupu R. Cancer Res 56: 3350-3358 (1996)  [RAB]
	Downregulated by a 52kDa heregulin Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. - Mueller H. Kueng W. Schoumacher F. Herzer S. Eppenberger U. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217: 1271-1278 (1995)  [RAB]
	Heregulin inhibits expression - Grunt TW. Saceda M. Martin MB. Lupu R. Dittrich E. Krupitza G. Harant H. Huber H. Dittrich C. Int J Cancer 63: 560-567 (1995)  [RAB]
	Phosphorylation regulates dimerization Fact pertains to phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 537. - Arnold SF. Vorojeikina DP. Notides AC. J Biol Chem 270: 30205-30212 (1995)  [RAB]

Our primary goal in this database is to make as much information available as quickly as possible. We also intend to correctly cite this information. Sometimes we encounter a fact in a paper which does not come from that paper but rather is a reference to earlier work. This fact may or may not be referenced or even published. For the sake of completeness, we may include this fact, but flag it as a secondary fact, in contrast to a primary fact reported in the cited paper.

Also, sometimes we extract facts by reading the full paper, and sometimes from reading the abstract. Clearly the former is more reliable.

Finally, we distinguish between research papers and reviews.

The code we use to flag this different cases is as follows:

Primary Fact from a Full Paper

Primary Fact from an Abstract

Secondary Fact from a Full Paper

Secondary Fact from an Abstract

Primary Fact from a Review

Secondary Fact from a Review

Unknown

Curator initials are given in [brackets] at the end of each fact. The curators are: RAB = Rudeina A. Baasiri, Ph.D. , SSC = Steven S. Chua , DLS = David Steffen, Ph.D. .